When Chen picked up his phone to vent his anger at getting a parking ticket, his message on WeChat was a drop in the ocean of daily posts on China’s biggest social network.
But soon after his tirade against “simple-minded” traffic cops in June, he found himself in the tentacles of the communist country’s omniscient surveillance apparatus.
Chen quickly deleted the post, but officers tracked him down and detained him within hours, accusing him of “insulting the police”.
He was locked up for five days for “inappropriate speech”.
His case — one of the thousands logged by a dissident and reported by local media — laid bare the pervasive monitoring that characterizes life in China today.
Its leaders have long taken an authoritarian approach to social control.
But since President Xi Jinping took power in 2012, he has reined in the relatively freewheeling social currents of the turn of the century, using a combination of technology, law and ideology to squeeze dissent and preempt threats to his rule.
Ostensibly targeting criminals and aimed at protecting order, social controls have been turned against dissidents, activists and religious minorities, as well as ordinary people — such as Chen — judged to have crossed the line.
The average Chinese citizen today spends nearly every waking moment under the watchful eye of the state.
Research firm Comparitech estimates the average Chinese city has more than 370 security cameras per 1,000 people — making them the most surveilled places in the world — compared with London’s 13 or Singapore’s 18 per 1,000.
The nationwide “Skynet” urban surveillance project has ballooned, with cameras capable of recognizing faces, clothing and age.
“We are being watched the whole time,” an environmental activist who declined to be named told AFP.
The Communist Party’s grip is most stark in the far-western region of Xinjiang, where facial recognition and DNA collection have been deployed on mainly Muslim minorities in the name of counter-terrorism.
The Covid-19 pandemic has turbo-charged China’s monitoring framework, with citizens now tracked on their smartphones via an app that determines where they can go based on green, yellow or red codes.
Regulations rolled out in 2012 closed loopholes that allowed people to purchase SIM cards without giving their names, and mandated government identification for tickets on virtually all forms of transport.
There is no respite online, where even shopping apps require registration with a phone number tied to an identification document.
Wang, a Chinese dissident speaking to AFP under a pseudonym due to safety concerns, recalled a time before Xi when censors were not all-knowing and “telling jokes about (former Chinese president) Jiang Zemin on the internet was actually very popular”.
But the Chinese internet — behind the “Great Firewall” since the early 2000s — has become an increasingly policed space.
Wang runs a Twitter account tracking thousands of cases of people detained, fined or punished for speech acts since 2013.
Thanks to the real-name verification system as well as cooperation between police and social media platforms, people have been punished for a vast array of online offences.
Platforms such as Weibo employ thousands of content moderators and automatically block politically sensitive keywords, such as tennis star Peng Shuai’s name after she accused a senior politician of sexual assault last year.
Cyberspace authorities are proposing new rules that would force platforms to monitor comment sections on posts — one of the last avenues for people to voice their grievances online.
Many of the surveillance technologies in use have been embraced in other countries.
“The real difference in China is the lack of independent media and civil society able to provide meaningful criticism of innovations or to point out their many flaws,” Jeremy Daum, from the Paul Tsai China Center at Yale Law School, told AFP.
Xi has reshaped Chinese society, with the Communist Party stipulating what citizens “ought to know, to feel, to think, and say, and do”, Vivienne Shue, professor emeritus of contemporary China studies at Oxford University, told AFP.
Youngsters are kept away from foreign influences, with authorities banning international books and forbidding tutoring companies from hiring overseas teachers.
Ideological policing has even extended to fashion, with television stations censoring tattoos and earrings on men.
“What disturbs me more is not the censorship itself, but how it shaped the ideology of people,” said Wang, the Twitter account owner.
“With dissenting information being eliminated, every website becomes a cult, where the government and leaders have to be worshipped.”
Globally there are 770 million closed-circuit television surveillance cameras in use, according to a recent analysis of the world's most surveilled cities by Comparitech, a website that provides consumers with information about technology.
China is home to nine out of the top 10 most surveilled cities and over half (54%) of the cameras in use globally. Taiyuan, the largest city in China's Shanxi province, takes the top spot with 465,255 cameras covering nearly 3.9 million people – equal to one camera for every eight residents.
Beijing, China's capital city of around 20 million people, has the most cameras overall, with a total of 1.15 million installed, though fewer cameras per capita than Taiyuan.
London is the only city outside of China to feature in the top 10. The capital of the United Kingdom has 627,727 cameras for a population of 9.3 million – equal to one camera for every 14 residents.
Crime prevention is often a primary argument for increased CCTV surveillance, but the index found that more cameras don't necessarily reduce crime rates.
"Crime is often the reason cited by cities when installing cameras, but we found little correlation," says Rebecca Moody, a researcher with Comparitech. "A higher number of cameras just barely correlates with a lower crime index. Broadly speaking, more cameras don't necessarily reduce crime rates."
By 2021, over 1 billion surveillance cameras will be installed globally, according to IHS Markit, a data provider based in London.
The use of facial recognition technology is also growing in cities. The current pandemic has seen a number of cities turning to facial recognition cameras to try and control outbreaks – a trend some say is likely to increase.
Moscow has seen a spike in facial recognition technology deployed, and there are plans in various other places, including Singapore and Hong Kong. Meanwhile, several U.S. cities have banned facial recognition technology, citing concerns over privacy. In June, Boston became the second-largest city in the world after San Francisco to ban the use of facial recognition technology by police and city agencies.
The most surveilled cities in the world
Based on the number of cameras per 1,000 people, these cities are the top 10 most surveilled in the world:
1. Cities of China — 540m cameras to 1.46bn people = 372.8 cameras per 1,000 people
2. Indore, India – 200,600 cameras per 3,208,722 people = 62.52 cameras per 1,000 people
3. Hyderabad, India — 440,299 cameras for 10,534,418 people = 41.8 cameras per 1,000 people
4. Delhi, India — 436,600 cameras for 16,349,831 people = 26.7 cameras per 1,000 people
5. Chennai, India — 282,126 cameras for 11,503,293 people = 24.53 cameras per 1,000 people
6. Singapore, Singapore — 108,981 cameras for 6,039,577 people = 18.04 cameras per 1,000 people
7. Moscow, Russia — 213,000 cameras for 12,640,818 people = 16.85 cameras per 1,000 people
8. Baghdad, Iraq — 120,000 cameras for 7,511,920 people = 15.97 cameras per 1,000 people
9. London, England (UK) — 127,373 cameras for 9,540,576 people = 13.35 cameras per 1,000 people
10. St. Petersburgh, Russia — 70,000 cameras for 5,535,556 people = 12.65 cameras per 1,000 people
11. Los Angeles, US — 34,959 cameras for 3,985,520 people = 8.77 cameras per 1,000 people
Add new comment